The Role of Rehabilitation
Research has found that patients who received inpatient rehabilitation after brain injury had better outcomes than patients who received only acute care. Outcomes were measured in the areas of functional status, daily care requirements, ability to return home and vocational status.
Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation
Acute inpatient hospital rehabilitation uses an interdisciplinary approach that includes medical stabilization, physical rehabilitation and cognitive/behavioral rehabilitation. This approach promotes learning, coping and adapting as the patient faces lifealtering changes.
Social skills training and counseling services are provided to address the emotional and adjustment needs of the individual and family. In this environment, interaction among patients provides another opportunity for support.
Elements of TBI Rehabilitation
According to Cope (1995), comprehensive TBI rehabilitation today consists of at least the following elements:
- The rehabilitation physician (also known as a physiatrist) and rehabilitation nurse have special training in diagnosing and treating people with disabilities. Their goal is to help the patient function as independently as possible.
- The prevention of secondary deterioration is important. Evidence clearly confirms that specific interventions can prevent deterioration and complications. These interventions may not reliably occur in non-rehabilitation environments.
- Rehabilitation builds upon natural recovery processes. Rehabilitation interventions are incremental and work toward functional gains. The challenges of mobility, self-care and communication can be overwhelming for the patient. This may result in a hopeless "giving-up" response by the patient. Over time and with comprehensive rehabilitation, progress can occur.
- An optimal environment for neurological recovery is provided by rehabilitation settings.
- Various compensatory techniques are provided and taught to promote recovery and help with the tasks of daily living.
- Adaptive and specialized equipment, such as wheelchairs or orthoses, is available in this setting.
- Environmental modifications are available. These include architectural and transportation interventions. Even more important may be interventions in the patient's social milieu, which include modifications at home, at work and in the community.
In the Report of the Panel for Consensus Development Conference on Rehabilitation of Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury dated October 1998, Diane Murphy, a survivor since 1990, made these comments concerning the need for rehabilitation services and difficulties associated with under diagnosis of TBI.
"I am six years post-accident. However, getting here was not an easy task. Taking the advice of very educated doctors, my husband brought my broken body home after being in the hospital in critical condition for two weeks. My family did not worry about my brain injury, at least not out loud. They tended to the visible injuries, thanking God every day that my daughter and I had survived the accident. Who ever heard of a brain injury that doesn't kill the person or put them in a lifelong coma? Right?
Becoming better wasn't nearly as hard as finding the right place to get better. I would really like to see the health community and general population informed about all the problems associated with a mild brain injury. I am hoping that the next person with a brain injury gets directed to immediate care, not a band aid excuse of 'Don't worry- it will all work itself out.'"
Unfortunately, the story described does occur. Inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation can begin to address the brain injury issues that cause so much frustration and confusion.